What does the term "orthographic knowledge" refer to?

The term "orthographic knowledge" refers to the understanding of the conventions of written language, which includes aspects such as spelling, letter-sound relationships, and the structure of words. This encompasses the rules and patterns that govern how words are formed in written form, enabling individuals to recognize familiar words and spell new ones correctly. Orthographic knowledge is critical for reading and writing proficiency, as it helps learners decode written text and understand its meaning based on word patterns and spelling conventions.

In relation to the other options, the focus of orthographic knowledge is specifically on the written form of language rather than spoken language or methods of analyzing sound patterns, vocabulary retention strategies, or grammar rules in speech. This makes the understanding of written language conventions central to the definition of orthographic knowledge.