Language Essentials for Teachers of Reading and Spelling (LETRS) Practice Test

As readers develop proficient word recognition skills, the emphasis on understanding texts shifts significantly towards components that enhance comprehension. Background knowledge provides the contextual framework that enables readers to make connections, derive meaning, and process information more effectively. When readers can draw upon their existing knowledge and experiences, they are better equipped to understand new material and integrate it with what they already know.

Vocabulary is equally crucial, as having a rich and varied vocabulary allows readers to grasp the meanings of words within the context of the text. A strong vocabulary enhances comprehension by enabling readers to identify and interpret words more easily, leading to a deeper understanding of the overall message of the text.

In contrast, the other components listed, such as spelling, phonemic awareness, orthographic knowledge, and cognates, primarily support the foundational skills of reading and decoding. These are essential in the early stages of reading development but become less critical as readers transition to more advanced levels of comprehension. At that point, the ability to connect ideas and understand the nuanced meaning in texts relies heavily on background knowledge and vocabulary rather than on basic decoding skills.